NiguIdula+Project+Milestone+2

DeClerck, Matthieu P. et al. “A Review of Emergency Medical Services Events in US National Parks From 2007 to 2011.” //Wilderness & Environmental Medicine// 24.3 (2013): 195–202. //ScienceDirect//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //As the title indicates, this is a study of the medical emergencies that occurred in the national parks. This study was conducted to gain a greater understanding of "the types of events and fatalities rangers encounter, both regionally and on a national scale."//

Forrester, Joseph D., and Christopher P. Holstege. “Injury and Illness Encountered in Shenandoah National Park.” //Wilderness & Environmental Medicine// 20.4 (2009): 318–326. //ScienceDirect//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //Similar to the article above, this document reviews the medical problems that occurred in Shenandoah National Park.//

Gandiwa, E et al. “Law Enforcement Staff Perceptions of Illegal Hunting and Wildlife Conservation in Gonarezhou National Park, Southeastern Zimbabwe.” //TROPICAL ECOLOGY// 55.1 (2014): 119–127. Print.

Gandiwa, Edson et al. “Illegal Hunting and Law Enforcement during a Period of Economic Decline in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Northern Gonarezhou National Park and Adjacent Areas.” //Journal for Nature Conservation// 21.3 (2013): 133–142. //ScienceDirect//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //The article explores the causes of poaching decline in Zimbabwe. Though one of the hypotheses was that the economy was influencing the changes in numbers, it was actually the increased law enforcement presence that seemed to deter poachers more effectively.//

Lopes, Adrian A. “Civil Unrest and the Poaching of Rhinos in the Kaziranga National Park, India.” //Ecological Economics// 103 (2014): 20–28. //ScienceDirect//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //This article explores another factor leading to increased poaching activity, and that's civil unrest. The hypothesis was that increased civil unrest led to increased rhino poaching, but the study takes into account other factors such as the economics, population of both humans and rhinos, and others.//

Nordlund, Lina M. et al. “Chumbe Island Coral Park—governance Analysis.” //Marine Policy// 41 (2013): 110–117. //ScienceDirect//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. Governing Marine Protected Areas: Towards Social-Ecological Resilience through Institutional Diversity. //This is an interesting case study of a marine park in Tanzania. An interesting finding is that recruiting local fisherman as rangers has proven to be very effective.//

“Observer Magazine: ZAMBIA: AFRICA’S THIN GREEN LINE: Underpaid, Ill-Equipped and Outnumbered, Park Rangers Fight a One-Sided War against Vicious Gangs of Poachers. Hundreds Have Been Murdered in the Defence of Endangered Wildlife, and Their Deaths Leave Their Own Families in Jeopardy. David Smith Reports from Zambia.” //The Observer (London, England)// 2013: n. pag. Print. //This is one of many news articles that liken the duty of park rangers in Africa to war. This is a violent account from the "front lines" of this war that describes the senseless death of rangers by the hands of poachers.//

Plumptre, Andrew J. et al. “Efficiently Targeting Resources to Deter Illegal Activities in Protected Areas.” //Journal of Applied Ecology// 51.3 (2014): 714–725. //Wiley Online Library//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //This article presents a method for maximizing the efficiency of enforcement patrols in protected areas. The method involves prioritizing the areas with the most "resources" by utilizing a computer program. It is argued that it would be cost effective for their case study site, the Greater Virunga Landscape in Africa.//

“The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).” N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015. //This resource provides statistics on the deaths of law-enforcement officials and is not limited to line-of-duty deaths. Looking up statistics for Park Rangers using this database will likely provide interesting insights.//

Wikle, Thomas A., and Nguyen H. Le. “Vietnam’s Emerging National Parks: War, Resource Exploitation, and Recent Struggles to Protect Biodiversity.” //American Geographical Society’s Focus on Geography// 56.2 (2013): 66–71. //EBSCOhost//. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. //This article chronicles and analyzes the struggles that Vietnam has faced in setting up an effective national parks system. Despite the setbacks, it seems that there have been quite a few successes and there is hope for the future.//

Discussion of topic (3/12/2015)

Park rangers are actors in the system and often end up writing articles for scientific or public knowledge. Threats to that system would be good to focus on. Who is getting shot? what does the map of that violence look like? how is it changing? Perhaps I should focus on a specific reason for the violence? Perhaps the end goal should be a more "readable" piece, like a magazine article or Sierra club newsletter.