VM+Week+10+Notes

__**PROJECT ROUGH DRAFT**__

Civic participation in public policy-making for climate change: a case study
1. Introduction 2. Civic participation in public policy-making: a framework 3.The Minas Gerais state Case Study 4. Discussion 5. References
 * Summary**

**1. Introduction ** The implementation of a public policy generally involves the cooperation of many different actors. Policy-makers, scientific experts, and the civil society are the main of them. However, how deep each one could be acting in the process can substantially vary. It has been observed that, no matter what kind of subject, the civic stake is usually low, sometimes irrelevant, compared to the involvement of experts. There is a longer discussion among social scientists about the best level of public engagement in a decision-making process. Some of them sustain that the citizens should not be involved at all, once there is no legitimacy in lay participation. Another part states that, as the main affected by the policy being constructed, they have an important role in the process and may contribute through their practical experience. This epistemological discussion applies to any area and the evidences to both sides will be according to the specific factors existent in there. For example, if the policy’s concern is the environmental issue of climate change, it is required to take into account the global reach of its effects and the need for action by all stakeholders, including people without expertise in the subject. Moreover, given the disclosure of the topic, it could be accepted that the knowledge about it is wide spread and, perhaps, there is no lay people in this case. Following that line, this paper will discuss the importance of civic participation in the public policy-making for climate change based on the study of a Brazilian case.

**2. Civic participation in public policy-making: a framework ** In the field of social studies of science and technology there is a subject called epistemology, which is basically the study of knowledge. To understand the evolution of science it is necessary to learn about how the relation between level of knowledge and extension of power has been constructed during the years. A long time ago, some Greek philosophers stated that those individuals with a high level of knowledge should be above the other members of society. Plato, for example, spread this belief that only scientists were capable to make political decisions, while the ordinary people should not participate in that process. His famous allegory of the cave represents this autocratic view of society. Over time, different opinions were emerging, changing the epistemological view of science. Positivism, for example, appeared as a philosophy that the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge is the information resulted from mathematical treatments and reports of experience. In other words, the truth lays only in the knowledge derived from logics. More recently, Funtowicz & Ravetz (1993) stated that science could be categorized through three different types of strategies to problem-solving: applied science, professional consultancy and post-normal science. For them, the differences between these strategies lay in the level of uncertainty and the number of decision stakes. The post-normal science is the widest, embracing the other two, and featuring a high amount of both uncertainties and decision stakes. This kind of science claims for an active participation of the society, once it is related to subjects of great public interest, like environmental issues. It is widely accepted that in the specific case of climate change there is a high level of uncertainty, found mainly in two topics: future emissions and climate models. The first one refers to emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), like carbon dioxide and methane, which are influenced by some hard to measure factors, as human behavior, technological change and the rate of population growth. The second is related to mathematical, computer-based models of the Earth’s environmental system used to predict future climate based on past and present information. As Karl & Trenberth (2003) state, “[t]oday’s inadequate or incomplete measurements (…) add uncertainty when trying to simulate past and present climate”. In the same way, the number of decision stakes is also high when dealing with climate change. It is due to the great extension of this issue that affects all the different environments in the world and impacts the main sectors of a modern society, like industry, agriculture, energy and transport. It means that even an ordinary civilian who knows nothing about climate change could contribute to the discussions by sharing a personal experience related to one of these subjects. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">For example, a small producer could speak about a certain initiative he took to recover the devastated area inside his property. Thus, his methodology could be widespread and helps to reduce GHG’s emissions in a large scale, even if it was not the producer’s primary purpose. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thereby, the policies and plans built for mitigation and adaptation to climate change need to involve not only scientists and governmental actors, but also representatives of civil society to embrace the local realities in their drafting process. Otherwise, the actions will be only on paper, the goals will never be reached and the changes needed to the current world’s climate situation will become permanently unattainable.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3. The Minas Gerais state Case Study ** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.1. Case context ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">To analyze the civil society participation in the elaboration of public policies for climate change, more specifically in the energetic sector, the author is developing a research project oriented by Dr. Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão, professor of the Industrial Engineering Department in the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil, and coordinator of its Laboratory for Environmental Services Management (LAGESA). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">This first report aims to present the methodology and results accomplished during the project’s first phase, from 20th February 2014 to 10th June 2014. This phase is represented by the field research for data collection and has been realized through the drafting process of the Plan for Energy and Climate Change of Minas Gerais (PEMC), conducted by the State Foundation for the Environment (FEAM), where the author worked as an intern.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.2. PEMC context ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">In order to increase actions towards a green economy to promote and ensure a sustainable use of the environmental resources in Minas Gerais, the State have instituted the Plan of Integrated Development 2011-2030 (PMDI) and the Multiannual Plan for Government Action 2012-2015 (PPAG). Both of them bring as a goal the implementation of a plan for climate change in the state. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Thus, FEAM has been elaborating PEMC with the main goal on establishing guidelines and actions for the adaptation and mitigation of climate change in the state territory, among other tasks. The foundation is responsible for development of planning and transverse management tools to embrace all the social-economic sectors that either have an impact on the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) or suffer the effects of climate change. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">This work has been executed under the International Cooperation Agreement between the Minas Gerais state and the French region of Nord-Pas de Calais, so it counts with the participation of French consultants who are specialists in this area of knowledge. In 2009, both governments signed a decentralized cooperation agreement in which the environmental issues, in particular the climate change, are a matter of priority.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3. Methodology ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Based on the methodology used by the French consultants and on other public policies already implemented in Brazil, FEAM have planned PEMC’s elaboration in four big phases, with total duration of about 18 months. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">The two first phases, occurred between August 2013 and May 2014, required a large data collection effort to compose the diagnosis and develop the possible scenarios for consumption and production of energy and state emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for 2020 and 2030.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The data were obtained mainly from reports published by government agencies, research institutes, like The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and civil institutions, as unions and professional associations. However, a considerable portion of this data wasn’t found or wasn’t available for public access, so FEAM needed to ask the responsible agencies by telephone contact, email or, whenever was possible, personally. Nevertheless, they weren’t able to gather all desired data and had to plan how to get them later with the actors involved in the participative process phase.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Once the state has the strategic goal of being a power on green economy, promoting and ensuring the sustainable use of its environmental resources, PEMC has been drafted through a participative process in order to perceive different perspectives, upgrade technical information and build a low carbon scenery and the sector plans of action for the state of Minas Gerais. Started on 23rd April 2014, this phase reported on the sharing and discussion of key technical elements and challenges in the transition to a low carbon economy along relevant stakeholders within the state.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Due to PEMC’s transversal condition, it was necessary to stablish a web platform (pemc.meioambiente.mg.gov.br) and newsletters to be submitted periodically to every participant in order to ensure an effective communication, raising stakeholders’ and general public’s awareness. Also, workshops of two different types, Institutional and Regional, were planned.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.1. Institutional Workshops **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Institutional Workshops occurred in Belo Horizonte, at the Administrative City of Minas Gerais, with the participation of several State departments and other government agencies working in the six major areas covered by PEMC, which are: 1) waste and effluents; 2) natural resources; 3) transport; 4) energy; 5) agriculture and livestock and; 6) industrial processes. The goal was that the conclusions and decisions from the workshops provide the necessary inputs for the development of sector plans of action and guide the completion of PEMC drafting process.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Therefore, the Institutional Workshops were divided in three phases, with Phase 1 characterized by the sharing and discussion of the diagnosis prepared for Minas Gerais, embracing all the social-economic sectors that either have an impact on the GHG’s emission or suffer the effects of climate change. Its duration was from April 23 to 28, ending up with five thematic meetings, according to the previously mentioned areas, but industrial processes. The latter wasn’t covered, even though FEAM have implemented a great effort on that, because of the lack of response from the state department who was responsible for the subject coordination.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Phase 2 represented the consolidation of the energy and climate change scenarios for 2020 and 2030 and will be discussed later on this paper. The last stage, Phase 3, consisted on the elaboration of the Sector Plans and completion of PEMC, scheduled for September 2014. **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.2. Regional Workshops **

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.2.1. Objectives **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Started on April 30th, the Regional Workshops aimed to identify the initiatives and good practices already implemented for mitigation of GHG and the barriers and opportunities for adaptation to climate change, allowing the mobilization of stakeholders and the discovery of local social perspectives. Therefore, the regionalization strategy consisted of focusing actions in the territories, in order to maximize their comparative advantages and compensate territorial needs in relation to the risks and opportunities regarding to climate change.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The implementation of the workshops guided the preparation of the document "Barriers and regional opportunities in the transition to a low carbon economy and reduction of vulnerabilities to climate change". This document addresses the main conclusions of the participatory process in order to subsidize the formulation of public policies for territorial planning focusing on the expansion of renewable energy sources and reduction of regional climate vulnerability.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.2.2. Preparation **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">For a good planning of the meetings with the stakeholders, the French consultancy initially sought to understand the political and administrative organization of the state municipalities. They studied subjects as the form of occupation of councilor, mayor, and secretaries positions (if by election, appointment etc.), the division of parties and the relationship between them in general, the municipality's resources (margin and distribution), municipal skills (decision-making power), and the drafting of legislation (decrees, regulations etc.) and its relationship with the federal and state levels, among others.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Some concepts generated discussions within FEAM before the regionalization process begins. The name "regional workshop", for example, was suggested as a better alternative to the term "territorial workshop" adopted initially. The argument used is that the latter could generate an undesirable preliminary idea of complete separation, related to power and maybe even competition within the state.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Another controversy involved the term "participatory process", which according to some members of FEAM would suggest to regional actors a false impression of equality for the PEMC decisions, when in fact FEAM was supposed to have a greater decision-making power in the process. It was suggested the use of "consultative process" instead, but the change was not implemented after all.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">For political reasons, it was also decided that the term "Government of Minas" used in some diagnosis documents should be replaced by "State" or "FEAM" in order to avoid partisan disputes during the participatory process.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The territory stakeholders were, then, invited to the Regional Workshops. Among them were representatives of the municipal government, the micro-regional associations, and the most significant productive sectors locally, through companies, professional associations and trade unions, in addition to NGOs, universities and other research institutes. The workshops were scheduled in all the ten planning regions of the state, in order to promote the participation of civil society across the state territory and, therefore, propose axes of territorial planning for energy and climate change in Minas Gerais. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">The criteria used to define the municipalities to host the workshops in each region was the location of the Regional Superintendency for Environmental Regularization (SUPRAM), an important stakeholder for PEMC’s preparation process. Table 1 shows the final configuration of the Regional Workshops. <span style="display: inline !important; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tabel 1– Schedule of Regional Workshops per host city
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Date ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Region ** || **City** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">30-Apr || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Central || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Belo Horizonte ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">6-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Zona da Mata || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Ubá ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">9-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">South || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Varginha ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">12-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Mid-West || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Divinópolis ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">14-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">North || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Montes Claros ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">15-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Jequitinhonha-Mucuri || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Diamantina ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">16-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Rio Doce || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Governador Valadares ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">21-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Northwest || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Unaí ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">27-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Triângulo Mineiro || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Uberlândia ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">28-May || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Alto Paranaíba || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Patos de Minas ||

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.2.3. Execution ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Regional Workshops occurred within the planned dates and locations, following a common structure, divided between shifts in the morning and afternoon. A representative of PEMC’s elaboration team, usually a member of FEAM, performed the opening of the meeting, which was followed by the presentation of the attendees (name and institution they represent) and their expectations for the event. At that time, many stakeholders expressed their desire to see the plan in practice and not just on paper. Following this moment, a representative of the French consultancy explained the cooperation between the State of Minas Gerais and the region of Nord-Pas de Calais / France. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">In the mornings were presented by FEAM some basic concepts of climate change such as global warming and greenhouse effect, the difference between GHG emissions and air pollution, renewable and alternative energies, natural variability and climate change and between mitigation and adaptation, among other important settings for leveling of knowledge on the subject. Some participants, mostly university professors, said that this part of the presentation helped to clarify the issue of climate change, which was in fact one of the objectives of the workshop. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Then, it was shown the main data related to the current situation of the planet, the country and the state on climate change. First, the information of the last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the impacts on ecological, physical and social systems, and the scenarios of emissions mitigation were presented. This was followed by the Brazilian Panel of Climate Change study results on the effect of climate change on Brazilian biomes from 2040 to 2100. The National Policy on Climate Change and the National Plan were cited, for they bring targets for emission reduction in Brazil of up to 40% by 2020, with differentiated portions by sector. For Minas Gerais were presented the study of economic impacts of climate change, the regulatory framework in the state context and the bill on Climate Change. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">After that, the PEMC itself was presented, with its objectives, scope and guidelines, emphasizing the interface with public policies and regional initiatives and the intention to translate them into data on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, opportunities and risks to the development of the state territory. The PEMC implementation schedule was shown with its stages - diagnosis, scenarios, participatory process and sector plans - highlighting that the phase of diagnosis presentation, in which the regional workshops was included, would work as the basis for the later stage of scenarios consolidation. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">At that moment, FEAM explained the importance of civil society participation in the plan drafting process, through contributions focused on the local and regional knowledge, as well as the later time of actions implementation and results evaluation in order to ensure the viability of that public policy. Other participants also emphasized this need, citing their satisfaction with the methodology used by FEAM in preparing PEMC. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Following that, FEAM presented the diagnostic reports for the state of Minas Gerais, which are: 1) the second inventory of GHG emissions in Minas Gerais, which presents the sector contributions - agriculture, energy, land-use change, waste treatment and industrial processes; 2) the study of state vulnerability to climate change, which shows the degree of vulnerability of each planning region; 3) the energy balance prepared by CEMIG, which is the power generator and distributor company for the state, and; 4) the study of the potential of renewable energy, for which it was used the example of landfill biogas in order to explain the different concepts of potential. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">In the afternoon, the activities were resumed with the workshop introduction presentation to be held throughout the rest of the time. The attendees formed one or two groups for the collection of initiatives, barriers, and opportunities recognized by the stakeholders in that region. It was during this period that the participants spoke openly about their experiences and knowledge on climate change, bringing several contributions for the next stages of PEMC elaboration. FEAM took note of all the suggestions to further analyze their applicability in the process. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">After the discussion, the results were summarized by FEAM, informing the participants about the closing of PEMC regionalization process, which was planned to occur in Belo Horizonte in August, when emissions scenarios built to the state shall be presented. Then, it was open to the attendees report on whether or not their expectations for the workshop were meet, and their responses were positive in all cases. FEAM confirmed the presentations availability at PEMC’s website, thanking the participants for sharing information, actions and perspectives and asking them to continually send their contributions to FEAM, including the results already achieved by the initiatives mentioned during the workshop.

**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">3.3.2.4. Results ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The data related to the Regional Workshops are shown in Table 2. <span style="display: inline !important; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Tabel 2 – Collection of local initiatives, barriers, and opportunities per region <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Regional Workshops participation allowed the collection of important perspectives for further analysis in this study, among which are:
 * **REGION** || **INITIATIVES** || **BARRIERS** || ** OPPORTUNITIES ** ||
 * CENTRAL || 26 || 25 || 24 ||
 * ZONA DA MATA || 21 || 16 || 23 ||
 * SOUTH || 19 || 16 || 16 ||
 * MID-WEST || 30 || 21 || 26 ||
 * NORTH || 23 || 16 || 19 ||
 * JEQUITINHONHA/MUCURI || 8 || 12 || 11 ||
 * RIO DOCE || 17 || 17 || 22 ||
 * NORTHWEST || 33 || 24 || 25 ||
 * TRIÂNGULO || 18 || 13 || 18 ||
 * ALTO PARANAÍBA || 12 || 17 || 10 ||
 * **TOTAL** || **207** || **177** || ** 194 ** ||
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The participants’ questions concerning the origin of some data presented, mainly by university professors and agriculture representatives, the sector that contributes most to GHG emissions in the state;
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The horizontal (among agencies from different sectors, for example) and vertical conflicts (agencies against the government) and their causes and effects for PEMC;
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The agreement among the stakeholders on the importance of include the society in public policy discussion. According to them, this does not occur often and the policies eventually become unviable;
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The difference in the stakeholders’ participation through the regions, like the attendance of only five people in Diamantina against thirty three in Unaí.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">On this last point, the FEAM Manager believes that the low turnout in some regions is mainly caused by a communication failure at the invitation time. Another striking factor may be the meeting place. In the case of Unai, for example, where there was even press record (radio and newspaper), it is possible to affirm that the large number of attendees was due to the workshop realization at the City Council. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">In the FEAM Manager’s opinion, however, it was possible to obtain the same wealth of contributions in all workshops, independently of the number of participants. Actually, he thinks there was a disadvantage in cases of great attendance, because the more people, the more difficult it was for the team to avoid subject deviations, political discussions and other problems. One has to consider also that in such cases, there may be an inhibition on part of the stakeholders caused by the large number of people, which generated fewer contributions, as noted in the morning shift in Unai. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Also in the case of stakeholder participation, the FEAM Manager hypothesized that some agencies did not attend the workshops because of disinformation, a common problem of climate policies in general, he said. In the case of the voluntary registration/inventory of emissions, for example, many companies fail to join for fear that the information provided would be used for some kind of taxation, which is not in fact one objective of that tool. It is possible that some sector has been spreading the idea that the data provided by agencies during the PEMC participatory process could then be used for monitoring purposes, leading to low level of acceptance. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">In addition to these factors, strategic specificities were identified in the methodology applied to the regional workshops. Among them are:


 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Introduction of attendees: At the beginning of the regional meetings, beyond display their names and the entity they represent, the attendees were asked to share their personal expectations for the workshop, which allowed FEAM to verify the understanding of the stakeholders about the workshop's goals, and to collect specific issues to be discussed during it.
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Explanation of concepts: The insertion at the beginning of the presentation of key concepts and differentiation of similar concepts (global warming versus climate change; mitigation versus adaptation etc.) aimed at leveling the basic knowledge on the subject.
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Data on global warming: emphasis was given to the fact that global warming is unequivocal and that only 3% of scientists are skeptical, to direct the discussions in the search for solutions.
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Examples: Adding many practical examples during the presentation of the basic concepts, vulnerability, and potential aimed to facilitate the understanding of the content by the stakeholders.
 * Ø <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">"Wailing Wall": Seeking avoid unproductive discussions about administrative problems and claims about the government and to focus on finding solutions, FEAM used a “wailing wall” allegory as an ice-breaker.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">4. Discussion **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Based on this experience, the project can be called a case study about the application of civic science (Backstrand, 2003) in a context of post-normal science, which is characterized by both a system of high uncertainty and a big amount of stakeholders in the decision process, the civil society included (Funtowicz & Ravetz, 1993). These and other concepts will be embraced below in this paper, when the data collected in the first phase will be analyzed based on the state of the art.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">1. Bäckstrand, K. (2003). Civic science for sustainability: Reframing the role of experts, policy-makers and citizens in environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics 3(3), 24-41. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">2. Collins, H.M., Evans, R. (2002). The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies of Expertise and Experience. Social Studies of Science 32(2), 235-296. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">3. Funtowicz, S, Ravetz, J (1993) Science for the post-normal age. Futures 25: 735-755. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">4. Karl, TR, Trenberth, KE (2003) Modern global climate change. Science, 302: 1719-1723.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">5. References: **