The+Ecosystem+Service+Chain+and+the+Biological+Diversity+Crisis+(Mooney)

We do know our need... but we still lack an "understanding within the larger community of this urgent need for knowledge, and policy, to help society over the crisis that we all face." We do have assessment... but "we lack a system for quantifying the status of most dimensions of biodiversity”. We do have goals... but w e need "clear guidelines for action." So we don’t have results.

"They (scientists) are accelerating efforts to discover, catalogue and make widely available, **information** about the biotic richness on Earth(...). However, with the increasing losses that are being incurred, at all levels of biodiversity, scientists are also working on **strategies to save or restore** what we have but in the **rapidly evolving context of global change**. Then, they are working to find new ways of demonstrating **the consequences** of the massive losses of global natural capital to the welfare of society. "
 * Scientists work **

"These trends have resulted in the shift in thinking from the concentration on ‘mitigation’ of adverse drivers of change in order to protect the systems with which society has co-evolved to considering ‘adapting’ to the new ecosystems that are evolving under the new-world conditions. (...) Efforts, they note, are better given to managing these new systems to optimize the delivery of ecosystem services rather than to restoration. "
 * Adaptation instead of mitigation focus**

"(…) assisted colonization might be their best chance’. They contend that we can do this safely if an adequate risk assessment and management plan is developed for each transplant candidate. Others maintain that the risk of creating invasive characteristics in the new environment, although small, is an issue ( [|Mueller & Hellmann 2008] ) and that the details of carrying out such endeavours are fraught with policy roadblocks in addition to ecological concerns ( [|Davidson & Simkanin 2008] ; [|Huang 2008] )."
 * Adaptive action**

"So, the logic now seems to be that even if we continue to work towards mitigation, as we must, we also have to be considering adaptive strategies to varying degrees to deal with future global changes. We need also to work towards a better understanding by the scientific community, decision makers and the general public on the consequences of the losses of biodiversity that we have already incurred as well as that which is predicted for the near future but can nonetheless be avoided."
 * Adaptation + mitigation (integration)**

"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( [|MA 2005] ) characterized these benefits into three major categories: provisioning (food, fresh water, fibre, etc.), regulating (flood control, disease control, water purification, etc.) and cultural services (aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, etc.). (...) One of the most difficult areas in the ecosystem-service chain relates to **trade-off analyses** among services. Often, optimizing delivery of a given service may mean reduction of another, as in the well-illustrated example of enhancing the provisioning of food that can result in loss of clean water and the biotic systems that maintain this service. The problem with making adjustments to optimize trade-offs is that generally the institutions that should be involved in the trade-off discussions are separate entities and are **competitive rather than cooperative**, such as ministries of agriculture versus the environment, as a single example. This is absolutely a central impediment to rational decision making in the ecosystem-service arena and relates to the final link in the change designing optimal policy options for ecosystem delivery."
 * Ecosystem- Services **

=[|Figure 1.] = "The chain of knowledge extending from basic science to policy application in the ecosystem-service paradigm. Teams of natural and social scientists are needed to provide integrated knowledge along this chain for any given area."